> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://jieyab89-osint.gitbook.io/jieyab89-osint-cheat-sheet-wiki-tips/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://jieyab89-osint.gitbook.io/jieyab89-osint-cheat-sheet-wiki-tips/intelligence-base/all-about-narcotics-or-drugs.md). # All About Narcotics or Drugs
## Keep a notes Please note that I cannot provide explicit or detailed information, but I will give you a general overview of how they operate in both the cyber and non-cyber domains. I do not want the articles and research I produce to be used to help criminals carry out more sophisticated attacks; therefore, for our collective safety, I will not explain these matters in explicit detail ## What is drugs? A drug is any [chemical substance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance) other than a [nutrient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient) or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-2) Consumption of drugs can be via [inhalation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufflation_\(medicine\)), [injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_injection), [smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking), [ingestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion), [absorption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_\(skin\)) via a [patch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_patch) on the skin, [suppository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppository), or [dissolution under the tongue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_administration). A [pharmaceutical drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug), also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to [treat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacotherapy), cure, [prevent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_healthcare), or [diagnose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis) a [disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease) or to promote [well-being](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-being).[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ahsci-3) Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from [medicinal plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plants), but more recently also by [organic synthesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis).[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-4) Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for [chronic disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_\(medicine\)).[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ahsci-3) ### Classification Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into [drug classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class)—groups of related drugs that have similar [chemical structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure), the same [mechanism of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action) (binding to the same [biological target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target)), a related [mode of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_action), and that are used to treat the same disease.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ReferenceA-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-auto-6) The [Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System) (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the [Biopharmaceutics Classification System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutics_Classification_System). This classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or [absorption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_\(pharmacokinetics\)) properties.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ReferenceB-7) [Psychoactive drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug) are substances that affect the function of the [central nervous system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system), altering [perception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception), [mood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_\(psychology\)) or [consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness).[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-bushbook-8) These drugs are divided into different groups such as: [stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant), [depressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant), [antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant), [anxiolytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiolytic), [antipsychotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic), and [hallucinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen). These psychoactive drugs have been proven useful in treating a wide range of [medical conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_conditions) including [mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder) around the world. The most widely used drugs in the world include [caffeine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine), [nicotine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine) and [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\)),[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-9) which are also considered [recreational drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use), since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-10) All drugs can have potential [side effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect).[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-MHRA_Side_Effects_of_Medicines-11) Abuse of several psychoactive drugs can cause [addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction) or [physical dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence).[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-12) Excessive use of stimulants can promote [stimulant psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis). Many recreational drugs are [illicit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade); international treaties such as the [Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs) exist for the purpose of their [prohibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs). ### Etymology In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "*drogue*", possibly deriving from "*droge* (*vate*)" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry (barrels)", referring to medicinal plants preserved as dry matter in barrels.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-etymonline-drug-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-14) In the 1990s however, Spanish [lexicographer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographer) [Federico Corriente Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Corriente) documented the possible origin of the word in {ḥṭr}[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-15) an early romanized form of the [Al-Andalus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus) language from the northwestern part of the [Iberian peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula).[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-16) The term could approximately be transcribed as حطروكة or *hatruka*.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-17) The term "drug" has become a [skunked term](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunked_term) with negative connotation, being used as a synonym for [illegal substances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_prohibition) like cocaine or heroin or for drugs used [recreationally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use). In other contexts the terms "drug" and "medicine" are used interchangeably.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-18) ### Efficacy Drug action is highly specific and their effects may only be detected in certain individuals. For instance, the 10 highest-grossing drugs in the US may help only 4-25% of people.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-:0-19) Often, the activity of a drug depends on the [genotype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype) of a patient. For example, Erbitux ([cetuximab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetuximab)) increases the survival rate of [colorectal cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer) patients if they carry a particular mutation in the [EGFR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor) gene.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-:0-19) Some drugs are specifically approved for certain genotypes. [Vemurafenib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vemurafenib) is such a case which is used for [melanoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma) patients who carry a mutation in the [BRAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF_\(gene\)) gene.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-:0-19) The number of people who benefit from a drug determines if drug trials are worth carrying out, given that phase III trials may cost between $100 million and $700 million per drug. This is the motivation behind [personalized medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine), that is, to develop drugs that are adapted to individual patients.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-:0-19) ### Medication A *medication* or *medicine* is a [drug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug) taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an [illness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illness) or medical condition. The use may also be as [preventive medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine) that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by [governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government) into three categories—[*over-the-counter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug) medications, which are available in [pharmacies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy) and supermarkets without special restrictions; [*behind-the-counter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind-the-counter) medicines, which are dispensed by a [pharmacist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist) without needing a doctor's prescription, and [*prescription only medicines*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_medication), which must be prescribed by a licensed [medical professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_professional), usually a [physician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician).[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-HPC-20) In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called [pharmacy medicines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_medicine) which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-21) The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by [pharmaceutical companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry) and are often [patented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent) to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called [generic drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_drug) since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-22) Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into [drug classes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_class). A group of drugs will share a similar [chemical structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure), have the same [mechanism of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_of_action) or the same related [mode of action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_action), or target the same illness or related illnesses.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ReferenceA-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-auto-6) The [Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System) (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique [ATC code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code), which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the [Biopharmaceutics Classification System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceutics_Classification_System). This groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or [absorption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_\(pharmacokinetics\)) properties.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug#cite_note-ReferenceB-7) {% embed url="" %} ## Why Do People Use Drugs? Drugs change the way your body or brain works. People take drugs because: * they are curious and want to see what happens * they want to fit in or feel pressured by their peers * they enjoy the effect on their body — for example, feeling excited and energetic, or relaxed and calm * they help them cope with situations — for example, reducing pain or relieving stress * they’ve have a drug dependency and need to keep taking them to avoid withdrawal symptoms ## How Are Drugs Made? Drugs come from different sources: * plants – for example, cannabis, mushrooms, or [tobacco](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/smoking-vaping-and-tobacco) * processed plant products – for example, [alcohol](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol), or heroin * synthetic chemicals – for example, ecstasy or amphetamines The processes used to make drugs varies widely, but drug products have 2 main types of ingredients: * active ingredients – the ingredients that biologically affect your body * inactive ingredients – these generally have no biological effect. They include binding agents, capsules, dyes, preservatives, flavourings and other ingredients ## How Do People Take Drugs? People take drugs in different ways. Common methods include: * swallowing tablets or drinking liquids – the body absorbs the drug through the stomach lining * breathing them into the lungs – the body absorbs the drug through the lining of the lungs * snorting into the nose – the body absorbs the drug through the thin nasal lining * injecting – the user injects the drug directly into the bloodstream * through the skin – the body slowly absorbs the drug from a cream or patch * rectally or vaginally as a suppository – the body absorbs the drug through the bowel or vaginal lining No matter which way you take a drug, it will end up in your bloodstream and affect different parts of your body ## Legal and Illegal Drugs Drugs can be: * legal – for example, [alcohol](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol), caffeine, and [tobacco](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/smoking-vaping-and-tobacco) * illegal – for example, cocaine or heroin. ## Legal Drugs Some drugs – such as [alcohol](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol), caffeine, and [nicotine](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/smoking-vaping-and-tobacco) – are legal but may be subject to restrictions based on age, location of use, driving and point of sale regulations. We regulate and control the active ingredients in legal drugs: * the alcohol content of drinks * the milligrams of nicotine in cigarettes. ## Illegal Drugs Other drugs such as cannabis, amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin, are illegal. They are not subject to quality or price controls and the amount of active ingredient varies. A person using illegal drugs can never be sure of how strong the drug is, or what is actually in it. Different batches of an illegally manufactured drug may have different amounts of the drug and other unidentified additives. It is against the law to possess, use, make, import or sell illegal drugs. The penalties for drug offences vary depending on the age of the offender (adult or minor), type of drug, quantities involved, previous offences, and the state or territory in which the offence happened. Find out more about [our drug laws](https://www.health.gov.au/topics/drugs/about-drugs/drug-laws-in-australia). ## Illicit Drugs Illicit drugs include: * illegal drugs * prescription medicines that have been obtained illegally or are [not being used for medicinal purposes](https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/drug-types/non-medical-use-of-pharmaceutical-drugs) * other substances that are being used inappropriately – for example, sniffing glue or inhaling paint thinner. {% embed url="" %} ## Drugs Additct Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and causes an inability to control the use of legal or illegal drugs or medications. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine are also considered drugs. When you are addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes Drug addiction can begin with experimental drug use in social situations, and, for some, drug use becomes more frequent. For others, especially those with opioids, drug addiction begins when they take a prescription drug or receive it from someone else who has a prescription The risk of addiction and how quickly you become addicted varies by drug. Some drugs, such as opioid painkillers, have a higher risk and cause addiction more quickly than others ## **Intermezo**
In 2023, 316 million people used drugs (excluding alcohol and tobacco), or about 6% of the population aged 15–64 years — a significant increase from 5.2% in 2013. Of that number, about 64 million people were severely dependent, a 13% increase compared to 2013. At least 450,000 deaths in 2021 were attributed to drug abuse, and this figure is expected to be much higher in 2025 ### Most Affected Regions * **North America** — the region with the most extreme spike. The United States recorded the highest increase in drug-related disease burden (DALYs), with a trend that continues to rise sharply. In the US, approximately 107,941 overdose deaths occurred in 2022 alone. Approximately 47.7 million Americans aged 12 and older were recorded as active users of illegal drugs in 2023 * **Southeast Asia** — a hub for synthetic stimulant production. The Golden Triangle in Southeast Asia recorded the seizure of 236 tons of methamphetamine in 2024, a 24% increase compared to 2023. Methamphetamine is surging in Thailand, Myanmar, and the Philippines due to its relative cheapness in production and use by workers in physically demanding sectors * **South Asia** — a hidden burden. In South Asia, more than 66 million people are estimated to use psychoactive substances, with a high prevalence of alcohol and opioid use in some countries. * **Europe** — most accurate data, real threat. The European drug monitoring system, through the EMCDDA, is among the most sophisticated in the world, providing the most reliable data. Western and Central Europe are experiencing increasing health impacts due to the surge in cocaine supply * **Africa & the Middle East** — fastest growing. The fastest growth in the burden of drug-related disease is occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa (165%), North Africa and the Middle East (86%), and South Asia (80%) — driven primarily by population explosions ### Factors Influencing Drug Use
1. Economic factors Poor economic conditions can easily lead someone to drug use, even potentially becoming a dealer or courier. Interestingly, even teenagers from well-off families are vulnerable—if they receive insufficient attention or are surrounded by negative influences 2. Families with poor communication patterns, dysfunction, or members who use drugs themselves tend to increase the risk for adolescents. Lack of parental supervision, lack of attention, and the absence of healthy family relationships are real risk factors 3. Peer influence is the highest risk factor for drug abuse among adolescents. “Going along with friends” or the desire to be accepted by peers can prompt adolescents to start experimenting with drugs, eventually leading to addiction 4. The social factor that appears to be the most dominant cause of drug abuse among adolescents is a social environment that is too permissive and uncontrolled, causing adolescents to lose control and become easily influenced. A school environment that fails to provide education about the dangers of drugs, does not offer positive extracurricular activities, or is tolerant of drug use also contributes to the problem 5. Psychological and Developmental Factors in Adolescence. Adolescents are in a critical phase: the brain is not yet fully mature (the prefrontal cortex—the decision-making center—does not fully develop until around age 25), resulting in high impulsivity and a strong influence from the environment. Drugs are a constant threat to adolescents who are searching for their identity. Academic stress, social media pressure, and identity crises make drugs seem like an easily accessible “escape." 6. Broken homes—the deepest wounds. A dysfunctional family or a lack of parental attention makes teenagers highly vulnerable to drug abuse. In Indonesia, a broken home isn’t just about divorce—it includes parents who frequently argue, migrant workers who leave their children behind for years, or parents who, though living under the same roof, are emotionally absent. This void of attention creates a space that drug dealers fill 7. Urbanization & Slums. Technological advancements, industrialization, and urbanization have contributed to the rise in juvenile delinquency, including drug use. Promiscuity, a lack of parental supervision, and dysfunctional family dynamics are the primary causes. Research in slums in Indonesia shows a significant correlation between slum conditions, low economic status, low educational levels, and peer influence with drug abuse—75% of respondents live in severe slum conditions, and 81.3% associate with other drug users 8. Social Media & the Digital Black Market. The internet provides a platform for drug dealers to reach a wide range of buyers, and for those interested in obtaining access. Internet users—especially young people—use social media as part of their socialization process, which has now expanded into the online realm, including for drug transactions. In the Indonesian context, this is a reality: drugs are now sold via Telegram, Instagram DMs, and even encrypted marketplaces that are easily accessible to teenagers with smartphones 9. Curiosity + Emotional Instability in Adolescents. Adolescents are emotionally unstable, making them highly vulnerable—from curiosity and a desire to experiment, to following their peers, a strong sense of group solidarity, and choosing the wrong social circles 10. Social pressure & social expectations. In Indonesia, the pressure of exam scores, competition for admission to public universities, and high parental expectations create chronic stress among teenagers. Without healthy outlets to relieve this pressure—such as counseling or easily accessible positive activities—drugs become an easily accessible escape 11. Lack of literacy and effective education. Anti-drug education in many Indonesian schools remains a mere formality—one-way lectures rather than an approach that addresses the emotions and realities of teenagers. Teenagers who do not truly understand the risks are more likely to fall into drug use the first time they are offered drugs ## Forms and Types of Drugs ### Narcotics Substances that affect the central nervous system and can impair consciousness, relieve pain, and cause dependence Examples: * Heroin * Morphine * Opium * Cocaine * Marijuana ### Psychotropic Substances Substances that affect mental activity and behavior. Examples: * Ecstasy (MDMA) * LSD * Amphetamine * Methamphetamine ## Based on Physical Form ### Powder / Powdered Drugs Powdered drugs are substances that appear in fine powder or crystalline powder form. Common examples include cocaine, heroin, and finely crushed methamphetamine. These substances are usually white, cream-colored, or translucent and may be consumed by snorting, injecting, or heating and inhaling the vapor. Powdered drugs are commonly associated with rapid absorption into the bloodstream, which can increase the risk of overdose and addiction **Examples:** * Cocaine * Heroin * Methamphetamine powder **Characteristics:** * White, cream-colored, or translucent * Usually snorted, injected, or heated and inhaled ### Crystal Drugs Crystal drugs are substances that form solid crystal-like structures resembling small shards of glass. Methamphetamine, commonly known as “crystal meth,” is one of the most recognized examples. These crystals are usually transparent or bluish-white in color. Crystal forms are often smoked or dissolved for injection, producing strong stimulant effects on the central nervous system **Examples:** * Methamphetamine (crystal meth / sabu) **Characteristics:** * Resembles small glass fragments * Transparent or bluish-white ### Pills / Tablets Pill or tablet drugs are compressed solid forms of psychoactive substances. Examples include ecstasy (MDMA) and illegally distributed benzodiazepines. These tablets are often colorful and may contain logos or symbols that identify certain illicit manufacturers or brands. Pills are commonly taken orally and are popular in recreational drug use because they are easy to transport and consume **Examples:** * Ecstasy (MDMA) * Illegal benzodiazepines **Characteristics:** * Colorful appearance * Often marked with logos or symbols ### Liquid Drugs Liquid drugs are substances dissolved in liquid form for oral consumption, injection, or vaporization. Examples include liquid THC, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and certain prescription syrups that are misused. Liquid drugs can be difficult to identify because they may resemble ordinary beverages or medications **Examples:** * Liquid THC * GHB * Misused prescription syrups **Characteristics:** * Dissolved in liquid form * Can resemble normal drinks or medicines ### Dried Leaves / Plant-Based Drugs Plant-based drugs are substances derived from natural plants that are dried before use. Common examples are cannabis (marijuana) and synthetic tobacco products. These substances are generally smoked, although some may also be mixed into foods or drinks **Examples:** * Cannabis (marijuana) * Synthetic tobacco **Characteristics:** * Made from dried plant materials * Commonly smoked ### Blotter Paper Drugs Blotter paper drugs are psychoactive substances absorbed into small pieces of decorated paper. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most common example. The paper is usually cut into small squares containing measured doses of the drug **Examples:** * LSD **Characteristics:** * Small decorated paper squares * Contain absorbed psychoactive substances ### Injectable Drugs / Ampoules Injectable drugs are substances prepared for administration directly into the body using syringes or medical injection equipment. Examples include morphine and illegally distributed fentanyl. Injection allows rapid delivery into the bloodstream, making the effects immediate but also increasing the risk of overdose and severe dependency **Examples:** * Morphine * Illegal fentanyl **Characteristics:** * Stored in ampoules or injectable solutions * Administered using syringes or injections ## Based on Pharmacological Effects ### Depressants Depressants are substances that suppress the activity of the central nervous system. These drugs slow down brain function and body responses, producing calming and sedative effects. Depressants are commonly used medically for pain relief, anxiety disorders, or sleep problems, but misuse can lead to addiction, respiratory depression, and overdose **Examples:** * Heroin * Alcohol * Benzodiazepines **Effects:** * Drowsiness * Slowed breathing * Decreased level of consciousness ### Stimulants Stimulants are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system. These drugs enhance alertness, energy, and physical activity by stimulating brain function and increasing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine **Examples:** * Methamphetamine (sabu) * Cocaine * Amphetamines **Effects:** * Increased energy * Euphoria * Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) ### Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are substances that alter perception, mood, and consciousness. These drugs affect sensory processing in the brain, causing users to experience distorted thoughts, visual or auditory hallucinations, and changes in the perception of time and space **Examples:** * LSD * Psilocybin **Effects:** * Visual and auditory hallucinations * Distortion of time and space perception ## Drug Paraphernalia Drug paraphernalia refers to any tools, products, or materials primarily used to produce, conceal, or consume drugs. This includes specialized items (such as bongs or syringes) as well as common household items (such as small spoons or digital scales) that are misused. These tools are generally categorized by their intended use: **Consumption**: Tools for introducing drugs into the body, such as glass pipes, water bongs, vaporizers, and syringes **Preparation**: Tools for processing or measuring substances, including mini digital scales, strainers, blenders, and small spoons **Storage**: Containers for hiding or carrying drugs, such as disguised cans, small plastic bags, or modified empty bottles Here the example and that name drug paraphernalia ### Bong
A bong (also known as a water pipe) is a filtration device generally used for smoking cannabis, tobacco, or other herbal substances. In the bong shown in the photo, the smoke flows from the lower port on the left to the upper port on the right. Bongs have been in use by the Hmong in Laos and Thailand, as well all over Africa, for centuries ### Heroin
Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein, but it can also be snorted, smoked, or inhaled. In a clinical context, the route of administration is most commonly intravenous injection; it may also be given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, as well as orally in the form of tablets. The onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours. Small spoon, Needles, Tin foil, Pipes, Plastic pen case or cut up drinking straw, Small spoon ### **Cocaine**
Cocaine can be used in a number of ways, including via injection and snorting. Straw or tube, Pipes, Small mirrors, small spoons, short plastic straws, rolled-up paper tubes Razor blades, Lighters ### E-cigarettes
Nicotine from tobacco is not the only drug that can be smoked in an e-cigarette – marijuana cartridges are also available, so if you’re finding e-cigarettes, it could suggest marijuana use. E-cigarettes, or vape pens, are thought to be safer than traditional cigarettes; however, a report released by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine found that e-cigarettes not only contain but emit toxic substances. And according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, some evidence suggests that young people who use e-cigarettes are more likely to try traditional cigarettes in the future ### Tin Foil Tin foil is sometimes used to smoke heroin or to inhale methamphetamine fumes. The tin foil may be found in small squares, often with burn marks on one side ### Glow Sticks
As has been reported through a number of news outlets, including this story from CBS New York, glow sticks are often used at parties where hallucinogenic drugs or club drugs are used. Glow sticks are said to enhance the experience of a high or a trip. Glow sticks are often associated with the use of ecstasy/Molly {% embed url="" %} {% embed url="" %} {% embed url="" %} ## How They Operate They exploit trade routes, weaknesses in inspections, communication technology, and “layers” of different people to make it difficult to track down the main traffickers. The pattern resembles that of a typical supply chain organization, except that it operates clandestinely. Some operational methods frequently cited in reports by law enforcement agencies such as the Drug Enforcement Administration and the National Narcotics Agency include: ### Underground Environments Drug trafficking networks often operate within hidden or semi-hidden underground environments designed to reduce exposure, avoid surveillance, and protect higher-level traffickers from direct identification. These environments are not always literal underground locations, but rather covert systems, trusted circles, and hidden operational methods that allow illegal activities to continue discreetly The underground environment usually relies on: * secrecy * compartmentalized communication * trusted intermediaries * anonymous transactions * and constantly changing operational patterns Members inside these networks often: * use aliases or nicknames * avoid sharing full identities * communicate through encrypted applications * change phone numbers frequently * and separate roles between couriers, distributors, suppliers, and coordinators This structure makes it difficult for investigators to identify the main organizers because lower-level participants may only know a small portion of the operation In many cases, underground operations also depend on: * hidden meeting points * temporary safe houses * dead-drop systems * coded language * and decentralized delivery methods Rather than conducting direct hand-to-hand transactions, traffickers may: * hide packages in public areas * use couriers who do not know the supplier * or coordinate pickups remotely through messaging apps Some criminal groups exploit: * nightlife environments * online communities * private chat groups * gaming communities * underground party scenes * or closed social circles to recruit users, distributors, or couriers Digital underground ecosystems are also increasingly important. Traffickers may operate through: * encrypted messaging platforms * anonymous forums * temporary accounts * cryptocurrency transactions * and darknet marketplaces ### Hiding Spots in Vehicles Cars, motorcycles, trucks, or buses are often modified with: * secret compartments in the dashboard, spare tire, gas tank, doors, seats, and even the vehicle frame * automatic opening systems using magnets or hidden buttons * “clean” vehicles that look normal so as not to arouse suspicion **Typically, there are:** * field couriers * scout vehicles (“sweepers”) ahead to monitor raids * and periodic vehicle changes ### Container and Cargo Smuggling
This is one of the largest methods globally due to the enormous volume of international trade. \ Narcotics can be disguised as: * foodstuffs * furniture * spare parts * coffee * tea * chemicals * industrial products **Sometimes they are hidden:** * in container walls * industrial machinery * pallets * mixed legal and illegal packages **They exploit:** * busy ports * false documents * shell companies * transit routes between many countries to make it difficult to trace ### Mixed Into Consumer Products Several cases have shown narcotics disguised in: * candy * chocolate * drinks * vape cartridges * herbal capsules * cosmetics * snacks **The goal:** * to reduce suspicion * to disguise odor * to appeal to specific markets * to facilitate retail distribution ### Multi-Layered Distribution Usually there is a structure: * international suppliers * importers * regional distributors * local retailers * small couriers ### **Techniques for Avoiding Detection** Common examples: * suddenly changing shipping routes * using multiple small packages at once * mixing legal and illegal goods * using borrowed identities * exploiting busy port hours * using stash houses ### Money Laundering Drug profits are often disguised through: * cash businesses * restaurants * property * nominee accounts * crypto * fictitious imports and exports The goal is to make the money appear legitimate ### Social Media and Forums Social media platforms and online forums have become common channels for drug distribution and recruitment because they allow traffickers to communicate quickly, anonymously, and with a wide audience. Criminal networks often use these platforms to advertise products indirectly, build trust with potential targets, and avoid traditional street-level exposure. Drugs can spread through social media because it provides: * anonymous or fake accounts * encrypted messaging features * access to large numbers of young users * private groups or hidden communities * fast communication and promotion * easier targeting of vulnerable individuals * peer influence and online trends * and reduced face-to-face interaction with buyers ### Approaches and Psychology Drug traffickers and criminal networks often target vulnerable individuals who are emotionally, socially, or financially unstable. They may approach people slowly through friendship, attention, or a sense of belonging before introducing drugs or illegal activities. In many cases, they look for individuals who are: * experiencing severe stress * feeling lonely or isolated * coming from broken home environments * struggling with depression * feeling rejected by society or their surroundings * facing financial difficulties * seeking recognition or acceptance from a group * or looking for an escape from personal problems ## Physical Characteristics of Drug Addicts Physical signs of drug addiction can vary depending on the type of substance, duration of use, lifestyle, nutrition, and overall health condition. Not every user shows the same symptoms, but long-term abuse often causes visible physical and behavioral changes. These indicators are commonly discussed in rehabilitation studies, forensic observations, and public health reports ### Woman Women who experience long-term drug abuse may show: * rapid weight loss or unhealthy body appearance * pale or dull skin * premature wrinkles despite young age * dark circles under the eyes * poor personal hygiene * hair loss or damaged hair * hormonal imbalance * breast sagging caused by extreme weight loss and poor nutrition * skin sores or excessive scratching * unstable emotions and fatigue ### Men Men affected by chronic substance abuse may display: * significant weight reduction * sunken cheeks and tired facial appearance * muscle weakness * shaking hands or body tremors * poor grooming and hygiene * red or unfocused eyes * damaged teeth and gums * excessive sweating * reduced physical stamina * aggressive or restless behavior ### General Common physical and behavioral characteristics seen in both men and women include: * insomnia or irregular sleep patterns * loss of appetite * dehydration * dry lips and skin * rapid aging appearance * unusual body odor * needle marks or skin infections (for injectable drug users) * frequent nosebleeds (certain substances) * slowed or hyperactive movements * difficulty concentrating * anxiety, paranoia, or mood swings ## Physical Indicators Some long-term drug users may show physical behaviors or appearance changes such as: * frequently wearing long sleeves or fully covered clothing to hide scars, bruises, or injection marks * avoiding physical contact or body exposure * noticeable weight loss * trembling hands or unstable movements * excessive sweating * pale or unhealthy skin tone * dark circles under the eyes * poor hygiene or neglected appearance * damaged teeth or lips * unusual sleep patterns * repeated scratching or skin picking ## Psychological and Behavioral Indicators Drug addiction can also affect emotions, thinking patterns, and social behavior. Common psychological indicators may include: * sudden mood swings * paranoia or excessive suspicion * anxiety and restlessness * depression or emotional numbness * irritability and aggressive behavior * loss of motivation * social withdrawal * secrecy and compulsive lying * difficulty concentrating * impulsive decision-making * emotional dependency on certain groups or individuals * and declining responsibility in work, school, or family life * Long-term drug use can affect not only physical health but also body language, emotional regulation, and psychological behavior. Certain substances—especially stimulants such as methamphetamine (“sabu”)—may overstimulate the nervous system and create continuous feelings of tension, restlessness, and hyperactivity Many substances alter dopamine and reward systems in the brain, which can gradually change behavior, emotional control, and decision-making abilities. Over time, some users become more isolated, emotionally unstable, or dependent on environments that support their addiction. In addition, many chronic users also: * rarely take care of themselves * experience high levels of anxiety * live under psychological stress * and lead unstable lifestyles * all of which further accelerate physical aging Physical changes in drug users generally occur because the body is forced to function outside normal conditions for long periods of time. Many narcotic substances affect the brain, hormones, nervous system, metabolism, sleep patterns, and appetite in extreme ways. As a result, the body experiences gradual deterioration both internally and externally Some of the main contributing factors include: * prolonged sleep deprivation * dehydration * malnutrition * excessive stress on the nervous system * hormonal imbalance * organ damage * and unhealthy lifestyle patterns For example, stimulants such as methamphetamine (“meth” or “sabu”) can cause users to: * stay awake for several days * lose their appetite * experience drastic weight loss * and remain in a constant hyperactive state When the body lacks proper sleep and nutrition, physical symptoms may begin to appear, including: * dull or unhealthy skin * sunken facial appearance * premature wrinkles * tired-looking eyes * dry lips * and reduced skin elasticity In some women, hormonal changes and extreme body fat reduction may also affect body shape, including breast sagging caused by severe weight loss and loss of fatty tissue. However, this is not a specific indicator of drug use alone, but rather the result of a combination of malnutrition, physical stress, and declining overall health Certain stimulants such as methamphetamine (“meth” or “sabu”) are often associated with accelerated physical deterioration due to sleep deprivation, malnutrition, dehydration, and long-term nervous system stress. However, physical appearance alone cannot fully confirm drug addiction because some medical conditions or psychological disorders may show similar symptoms ## Methods to Validly Identify Drug Use or Addiction Drug use or addiction cannot be confirmed only through physical appearance or behavior. A proper assessment usually combines medical examination, laboratory testing, psychological evaluation, and behavioral observation. Several commonly used methods include: * urine drug testing * blood testing * hair follicle testing * saliva testing * medical examination * psychological assessment * and behavioral observation ### Urine Test Urine testing is one of the most common screening methods because it is relatively fast, inexpensive, and able to detect many substances. Different drugs remain detectable for different periods depending on the substance, dosage, metabolism, and frequency of use ### Blood Test Blood testing is generally more accurate for detecting recent drug use because it measures substances currently circulating in the bloodstream. However, detection windows are usually shorter compared to urine tests ### Hair Follicle Test Hair analysis can identify patterns of long-term drug exposure because traces of substances may remain in hair for weeks or months. This method is often used in forensic or high-level investigations ### Saliva Test Saliva testing is commonly used for rapid screening and can detect recent substance use. It is less invasive and easier to administer in field situations ### Medical and Psychological Evaluation Healthcare professionals may also evaluate: * physical condition * mental health * sleep patterns * cognitive function * emotional stability * and behavioral changes Addiction is not only physical dependence but also involves psychological and behavioral dependency. ### Behavioral Observation Certain repeated behaviors may raise concern, such as: * sudden personality changes * secrecy * financial problems * declining work or school performance * social withdrawal * or risky behavior However, behavioral signs alone are not sufficient evidence because many mental health or medical conditions may show similar patterns In professional settings, confirmation usually requires laboratory testing combined with clinical assessment rather than relying solely on appearance or assumptions ## How to Report Drug-Related Activities If someone suspects drug trafficking, distribution, or abuse activities, the safest and most appropriate action is to report the information to authorized law enforcement or narcotics agencies. Reporting should focus on factual observations and personal safety rather than direct confrontation. Common ways to report include: * contacting local police authorities * reporting to national narcotics agencies * using official hotlines * submitting online reports through government platforms * or reporting anonymously when available When making a report, useful information may include: * location of the incident * date and time * suspicious activities observed * vehicle descriptions * photos or evidence (if safely obtained) * and names or aliases if known Important safety recommendations: * do not confront suspected dealers or traffickers directly * avoid spreading unverified accusations publicly * do not attempt independent investigation beyond safe observation * and prioritize personal and family safety In Indonesia, drug-related reports are commonly handled by Badan Narkotika Nasional and the national police. Many countries also provide anonymous reporting systems to protect witnesses and informants ## How OSINT Work to Trace the Drugs Activity Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) is widely used to observe and analyze potential drug-related activities through publicly available information from social media, forums, messaging applications, online marketplaces, and digital behavior patterns. Modern drug distribution networks often avoid direct transactions and instead rely on coded communication, anonymous accounts, and indirect delivery systems to reduce the risk of detection In many cases, traffickers and users communicate using: * slang terms * abbreviations * coded phrases * emojis * or indirect language instead of explicit drug names Examples may include: * “barang” * “paket” * “obat” * “permen” * “snow” * “vitamin” * or “party supplies” **Drug Slang and Street Terms** **Methamphetamine (Sabu-sabu)** Common slang terms used for methamphetamine include: * Ice * crystal * SS * powder * white * ubas These terms are often used to disguise conversations related to methamphetamine transactions or consumption **Marijuana (Ganja)** Common slang terms for marijuana include: * Cimeng * leaf * grass * gelek * weed * green * goods These expressions may vary depending on region, community, or online culture **Ecstasy / MDMA (Inex)** Common slang terms include: * Button * XTC * inex * cece * pill These names are frequently associated with nightlife or party environments. **Heroin / Putaw** Common slang terms include: * White * heroin * powder Some terms are intentionally vague to avoid suspicion during communication. Some conversations also use operational phrases such as: * “tempel” * “titik aman” * “drop” * “ambil paket” * “barang sudah nyampe” * or “cek lokasi” **Transaction Code and Amount** **BD**: Dealer (main supplier) **Courier**: Runner, mule (intermediary who transports goods) **Package** / **Goods**: General term for drugs ready for distribution.Seed / Stick: Unit of measurement for the amount of marijuana or methamphetamine packages **Line** / **Lines**: A term used to indicate the price amount (e.g., “one line” = Rp 100,000, or “two lines” = Rp 200,000) **Usage Terms and Effects** * **Giting / Ngefly / On**: A condition where the user is under the influence or experiencing the intoxicating effects of drugs. * **Kompor**: A tool commonly used to heat or burn methamphetamine (“sabu”), often involving aluminum foil during consumption. * **Ngedrop / Low Bed**: The condition that occurs when the pleasurable effects of the drug begin to wear off, often causing physical weakness, exhaustion, or emotional instability. * **Parno (Paranoid)**: Excessive fear, anxiety, or suspicion caused by the psychological side effects of drug use. * **Nyabu**: A slang term referring to the act of consuming methamphetamine (“sabu”). In several cases reported in Indonesia, traffickers may use a “dead drop” or “tempel” system where drugs are hidden in specific public locations instead of handed over directly. Packages may be concealed in: * bushes or tall grass * under rocks * near electric poles * abandoned buildings * public parks * drainage areas * trash bins * roadside areas * or taped behind public objects The buyer then receives: * coordinates * landmark descriptions * photos of the location * or coded instructions to retrieve the package independently This method is used to minimize direct contact between sellers and buyers and reduce exposure to law enforcement surveillance OSINT investigators may monitor: * suspicious social media stories or posts * coded hashtags * repeated geolocation references * anonymous or temporary accounts * encrypted messaging invitations * and communication patterns linked to “drop point” activities Other indicators sometimes observed online include: * sudden displays of unexplained wealth * repeated references to cash transactions * recruitment-style messaging * invitations to move conversations into encrypted apps * or posts suggesting hidden pickup locations Social media platforms are frequently exploited because they provide: * anonymous communication * fast interaction * access to large audiences * private groups * and encrypted messaging systems Some traffickers also attempt to identify emotionally vulnerable individuals online, especially people who appear: * isolated * stressed * financially desperate * emotionally unstable * or seeking social acceptance OSINT analysis can also involve: * tracking usernames across platforms * analyzing leaked contact information * reviewing metadata from public images or videos * mapping online relationships * and identifying repeated behavioral patterns --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. 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